Top 5 Best Estrogen Supplements for Hormone Balance and Menopause Relief in 2025

Estrogen is one of the most vital hormones for women’s health — influencing everything from mood and metabolism to skin, bones, and reproductive function. As women age, especially during perimenopause and menopause, estrogen levels naturally decline. This drop can trigger symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, fatigue, irritability, vaginal dryness, and even changes in body composition.

Natural estrogen supplements can help restore balance without relying on synthetic hormones. They work by using plant-based phytoestrogens or hormone precursors like DHEA to support your body’s own hormonal regulation. For many women, these natural aids can make a real difference — easing menopause symptoms, improving energy, and promoting overall well-being.

Our Top Picks for Estrogen Supplements

1. Best Overall Estrogen Supplement: SMNutrition DIM 200 mg (120 Capsules)

• Why? This well-balanced DIM formula provides 200 mg of Diindolylmethane per serving to naturally support estrogen metabolism, hormone balance, and PMS relief. It’s vegan, soy-free, and non-GMO, offering antioxidant and hormonal support for both women and men. Made in the USA, it’s third-party tested for purity and delivers excellent value with a 4-month supply.
• Key Benefits: Promotes hormonal balance, reduces hot flashes and acne, and supports PMS and menopause comfort.
• Best for: Women and men seeking an effective, plant-based estrogen balance supplement for daily hormonal health.

2. Best Extra-Strength Estrogen Support: Zazzee DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (100 Capsules)

• Why? Delivers 300 mg of DIM and 10 mg of BioPerine per capsule for unmatched absorption and potency. Enhanced with organic broccoli extract, this formula promotes estrogen metabolism, hormone balance, and clearer skin. 100% vegan, all-natural, and made in the USA under GMP standards.
• Key Benefits: Supports healthy estrogen levels, reduces hot flashes and mood swings, and promotes clear skin and energy.
• Best for: Those needing extra-strength estrogen support for hormonal acne, PMS, or perimenopausal symptoms.

3. Best Value Estrogen Supplement: Deal Supplement DIM 300 mg (240 Capsules)

• Why? Combines potency and affordability with 300 mg of DIM and 2.5 mg of black pepper extract for absorption. With 240 capsules per bottle, it offers a 4-month supply for under $20 — one of the best deals on the market. Vegan, non-GMO, and third-party tested for quality.
• Key Benefits: Regulates estrogen balance, improves skin clarity, reduces PMS symptoms, and enhances metabolism.
• Best for: Budget-conscious users seeking long-term hormonal balance and acne support without sacrificing quality.

4. Best for Menopause & Estrogen Dominance: aSquared Nutrition DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (200 Capsules)

• Why? A potent DIM formula with 300 mg DIM and 5 mg BioPerine, designed to relieve menopause symptoms and balance estrogen levels. Free from soy, gluten, and preservatives, it’s suitable for both women and men and supports natural energy, fat metabolism, and mental clarity.
• Key Benefits: Promotes balanced hormones, relieves hot flashes and mood swings, supports fat metabolism, and improves clarity.
• Best for: Women experiencing menopause or estrogen dominance, and men seeking to maintain healthy testosterone-to-estrogen ratios.

5. Best Clinically Formulated Estrogen Detox Support: Metagenics EstroFactors (60 Capsules)

• Why? Developed by healthcare professionals, this advanced formula blends DIM, green tea extract, curcumin, and vitamins A, E, B6, B12, and folate to support estrogen metabolism, detox pathways, and liver health. Backed by clinical research and trusted by practitioners.
• Key Benefits: Aids estrogen detoxification, supports mood and energy, improves skin clarity, and relieves hormonal imbalance symptoms.
• Best for: Women in perimenopause or menopause, or those with estrogen dominance or methylation-related imbalances seeking professional-grade support.

Rank	Product	Form	Price per Count	Highlight	Key Benefits	Best For
1️⃣	SMNutrition DIM 200 mg (120 Capsules)	Capsule	$0.19	Best Overall Estrogen Supplement	Balances estrogen, reduces PMS and hot flashes, supports hormonal acne and menopause comfort	Women and men seeking a clean, effective, daily hormone balance supplement
2️⃣	Zazzee DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (100 Capsules)	Capsule	$0.27	Best Extra-Strength Estrogen Support	Regulates estrogen, reduces hormonal acne, improves energy and mood	Those needing higher-strength DIM for menopause, PMS, or acne
3️⃣	Deal Supplement DIM 300 mg (240 Capsules)	Capsule	$0.08	Best Value Estrogen Supplement	Balances hormones, promotes skin clarity, supports metabolism	Budget-conscious users wanting long-term hormone and skin support
4️⃣	aSquared Nutrition DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (200 Capsules)	Capsule	$0.13	Best for Menopause & Estrogen Dominance	Relieves hot flashes, boosts energy, improves clarity, supports hormone detox	Women with menopause symptoms or estrogen dominance
5️⃣	Metagenics EstroFactors (60 Capsules)	Capsule	$1.29	Best Clinically Formulated Estrogen Detox Support	Supports estrogen detoxification, improves mood and energy, enhances skin clarity	Women seeking professional-grade support for hormone balance and detox

1. Best Overall Estrogen Supplement: SMNutrition DIM 200 mg (120 Capsules)

Price: No products found.

SMNutrition DIM 200 mg is a best-selling supplement designed to support healthy estrogen metabolism in both women and men. It contains Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural compound derived from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, enhanced with BioPerine for superior absorption. This product is Non-GMO Project Verified, Vegan, Gluten-Free, and Clean Label Project Certified, ensuring exceptional purity and quality. It’s especially popular among women experiencing hormonal acne, PMS, or menopausal symptoms.

Key Benefits

• Supports healthy estrogen metabolism and hormone balance*
• Reduces hot flashes, night sweats, and PMS discomfort*
• Helps clear hormonal acne and promotes smoother skin*
• Enhances energy levels and mood stability*
• Aids in antioxidant and detoxification support*

Key Ingredients

• Diindolylmethane (DIM) – 200 mg
  Promotes the conversion of harmful estrogen metabolites into beneficial ones, helping balance hormone levels naturally.
• BioPerine (Black Pepper Extract) – 2.5 mg
  Enhances nutrient absorption and bioavailability.

Pros

• Clean-label certified: Non-GMO, vegan, gluten-free, soy-free
• One capsule per day for convenience
• Third-party tested for purity and potency
• Suitable for both women and men
• Excellent value with a 4-month supply

Cons

• Some users report mild headaches or nausea when first starting
• May cause urine color changes due to detoxification effects

Customer Feedback

• Functionality: Most users report noticeable hormone balance improvements within a few weeks, with reduced PMS and clearer skin.
• Acne Treatment: Highly rated for hormonal acne relief, many saw fewer breakouts and smoother skin after 2–4 weeks.
• Relief of Menopausal Symptoms: Many women experienced no more hot flashes, better sleep, and reduced fatigue.
• Energy Level: Users felt more energetic and less sluggish, with some noting improved sleep quality.
• Mood Improvement: Customers reported fewer mood swings, feeling calmer and more emotionally balanced.
• Headache Relief: Mixed experiences — while some noted fewer headaches, others experienced temporary discomfort early on.

Best Suited For
Women experiencing hormonal imbalance, PMS, or menopause-related symptoms, and those struggling with hormonal acne or low energy. It’s also suitable for men seeking estrogen control and prostate health support.

Usage Recommendations
Take 1 capsule daily with food, preferably in the morning. Stay hydrated and pair with a healthy diet rich in vegetables for optimal results. Some users recommend starting every other day to minimize detox-related side effects.

Summary:
SMNutrition DIM 200 mg stands out for its purity, effectiveness, and value. It naturally promotes estrogen balance, reduces hormonal acne and hot flashes, and improves overall energy — making it one of the best all-around estrogen support supplements for both women and men.

2. Best Extra-Strength Estrogen Support: Zazzee DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (100 Capsules)

Price: $24.97

Zazzee DIM 300 mg is a high-potency supplement formulated to promote estrogen balance and hormone health in both women and men. Each vegan capsule provides an impressive 300 mg of Diindolylmethane (DIM), enhanced with 10 mg of BioPerine for optimal absorption, and 100 mg of organic broccoli extract to deliver natural phytonutrients. Manufactured in the USA under strict GMP standards, this product stands out for its clean, all-natural, and vegan composition—free from gluten, soy, and artificial additives.

Key Benefits

• Promotes healthy estrogen metabolism and hormone balance*
• Helps reduce hot flashes and menopausal discomfort*
• Supports clearer skin and acne reduction*
• Enhances energy and mood stability*
• Aids in antioxidant defense and detoxification support*

Key Ingredients

• Diindolylmethane (DIM) – 300 mg
  The key compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that helps metabolize excess estrogen and maintain hormonal balance.
• Organic Broccoli Extract – 100 mg
  Natural source of additional DIM and sulforaphane for antioxidant and liver support.
• BioPerine (Black Pepper Extract) – 10 mg
  Maximizes absorption and bioavailability of DIM and other nutrients.

Pros

• Extra-strength dosage with 300 mg DIM per capsule
• Enhanced with 10 mg BioPerine—highest on the market
• Added organic broccoli extract for synergistic support
• 100% vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free, and soy-free
• Made in the USA and third-party tested for purity

Cons

• May cause mild headache or detox symptoms in sensitive users
• Some users report temporary fatigue or nausea during hormonal adjustment

Customer Feedback

• Effectiveness: Users consistently praise Zazzee DIM 300 for its strong results in balancing hormones, particularly helping with peri- and pre-menopausal hot flashes and hormone-related mood swings.
• Acne Treatment: Many customers saw fewer breakouts and clearer skin within weeks, with reports of smooth, bright complexions.
• Estrogen Levels: Users noticed more stable estrogen levels and reduced estrogen dominance symptoms such as bloating and mood changes.
• Energy Level: Most reviews mention an increase in daily energy and improved sleep, helping users feel more alert and rested.
• Hot Flashes: Several women shared that their hot flashes disappeared or became much milder, often within days of starting.
• Cramp Relief: Mixed feedback—some reported lighter periods and reduced cramps, while others experienced brief detox-related discomfort.

Best Suited For
Women looking for strong estrogen support or experiencing symptoms of hormonal imbalance, menopause, or PMS, as well as those dealing with hormonal acne. It’s also ideal for men seeking natural estrogen regulation and prostate health.

Usage Recommendations
Take 1 capsule daily with food. For sensitive users, starting with half the dose or taking it every other day may help minimize detox-related side effects. Staying hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet enhances the supplement’s effectiveness.

Summary:
Zazzee DIM 300 mg + BioPerine offers one of the most potent and clean DIM formulas on the market. With 300 mg DIM, 10 mg BioPerine, and added broccoli extract, it provides comprehensive estrogen and hormone support for both women and men—ideal for those seeking an extra-strength natural solution for hormonal balance and clearer skin.

3. Best Value Estrogen Supplement: Deal Supplement DIM 300 mg (240 Capsules)

Price: $19.99

Deal Supplement DIM 300 mg provides a plant-based, dual-action estrogen balance formula combining Diindolylmethane (DIM) and black pepper extract for enhanced absorption. Each serving delivers 300 mg of active DIM with 2.5 mg of piperine, formulated from non-GMO, vegan ingredients and third-party lab tested for purity. With 240 capsules per bottle, this supplement offers an impressive 4-month supply, making it one of the best-value options for supporting hormonal balance in both women and men.

Key Benefits

• Supports healthy estrogen metabolism and hormone balance*
• Helps reduce PMS, PCOS, and menopausal symptoms*
• Promotes clearer skin and fewer hormonal breakouts*
• Enhances energy, mood, and overall well-being*
• Aids in natural detoxification and antioxidant protection*

Key Ingredients

• Diindolylmethane (DIM) – 300 mg per serving
  Derived from cruciferous vegetables, DIM helps regulate estrogen conversion and reduces estrogen dominance.
• Black Pepper Extract (Piper nigrum) – 2.5 mg
  Enhances bioavailability and absorption for maximum effectiveness.

Pros

• Excellent value for money – 240 capsules for under $20
• Non-GMO, vegan, gluten-free, and allergen-free
• Third-party lab tested for quality and purity
• High-dose formula suitable for both men and women
• Easy-to-swallow vegetarian capsules with no aftertaste

Cons

• Some users may experience mild detox effects such as headaches or fatigue initially
• Requires two capsules daily, which may be less convenient than one-a-day formulas

Customer Feedback

• Effectiveness: Users describe this DIM supplement as highly effective for hormone balance and estrogen regulation, with noticeable improvements in skin clarity, energy, and weight control within 2–3 weeks.
• Anxiety & Mood Support: Many reviewers report reduced anxiety, improved mood, and better sleep, with some noting significant relief from PMS-related mood swings.
• Acne Removal: Customers consistently highlight clearer skin and reduced hormonal acne, particularly around the jawline, after consistent use.
• Estrogen Level Control: Users mention feeling balanced and less bloated, with improved hormone ratios and fewer estrogen dominance symptoms.
• Energy Level: Many customers experienced increased alertness, better sleep quality, and higher energy throughout the day.
• Ease of Use: The capsules are small, tasteless, and easy to swallow, earning praise for convenience and gentle digestion.

Best Suited For
Individuals seeking an affordable, high-dose DIM supplement for estrogen regulation, acne reduction, or hormonal balance—ideal for women with PMS, PCOS, or menopause, and men needing testosterone-to-estrogen ratio support.

Usage Recommendations
Take 2 capsules daily with meals, or as directed by your healthcare provider. Staying hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet can enhance detox and hormone-regulating benefits. Sensitive users may start with one capsule daily.

Summary:
Deal Supplement DIM 300 mg stands out as the best-value choice for hormone and estrogen balance. With potent dosing, clean ingredients, and a 4-month supply, it provides exceptional results for clearer skin, improved mood, and enhanced hormonal health at an unbeatable price.

4. Best for Menopause & Estrogen Dominance: aSquared Nutrition DIM 300 mg + BioPerine (200 Capsules)

Price: $29.99

aSquared Nutrition DIM 300 mg is a max-strength estrogen balance supplement crafted for women experiencing menopause symptoms or estrogen dominance. Each serving provides 300 mg of pure Diindolylmethane (DIM) derived from cruciferous vegetables, combined with 5 mg of BioPerine for improved absorption. With 200 vegan capsules (100 servings) per bottle, this formula is third-party tested, GMP certified, and free from preservatives, soy, gluten, and dairy, making it one of the cleanest and most potent DIM products on the market.

Key Benefits

• Supports balanced estrogen levels and hormonal health*
• Helps relieve menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats*
• Promotes fat metabolism and weight management*
• Enhances mental clarity and energy levels*
• Reduces hormonal acne and PMS discomfort*

Key Ingredients

• Diindolylmethane (DIM) – 300 mg
  A natural compound from broccoli and kale that supports estrogen metabolism, helping maintain optimal hormonal balance.
• BioPerine (Black Pepper Extract) – 5 mg
  Boosts nutrient absorption and enhances DIM bioavailability for faster, more effective results.

Pros

• High-potency 300 mg DIM per serving
• Enhanced with 5 mg BioPerine, higher than most competitors
• Free from soy, gluten, dairy, and preservatives
• Suitable for both men and women
• Made in the USA and third-party tested for quality assurance

Cons

• Some users experienced temporary stomach cramps or headaches during detox adjustment
• Requires two capsules daily for full dosage

Customer Feedback

• Effectiveness: Most users report noticeable hormone balance improvements, better energy, and reduced PMS or menopause symptoms. Many noticed enhanced metabolism and even fat loss after consistent use.
• Estrogen Level: Customers praise its ability to stabilize estrogen levels and relieve symptoms of estrogen dominance, helping reduce bloating, hormonal headaches, and irritability.
• Pain Level: Reviews are mixed — while several mention relief from hormonal headaches and cramps, a few report mild GI discomfort or temporary stomach upset.
• Skin Sensitivity: Some users saw clearer skin and fewer chin breakouts, while a few experienced temporary rashes during detox.
• Value for Money: Users find this supplement well-priced for its strength and purity, appreciating the 200-capsule supply and reliable results.

Best Suited For
Women dealing with menopausal symptoms, estrogen dominance, or hormonal acne, as well as those seeking natural hormonal balance and fat metabolism support. It’s also a good option for men aiming to manage estrogen-to-testosterone ratios naturally.

Usage Recommendations
Take 2 capsules daily with meals, preferably one in the morning and one at night. Stay hydrated and pair with a balanced diet rich in greens to support detoxification and hormonal metabolism.

Summary:
aSquared Nutrition DIM 300 mg + BioPerine delivers strong menopause relief and hormone-balancing benefits through a high-potency, vegan formula. With added BioPerine for absorption and clean, allergen-free ingredients, it’s one of the most effective DIM supplements for managing estrogen dominance and supporting overall hormonal health.

5. Best Clinically Formulated Estrogen Detox Support: Metagenics EstroFactors (60 Capsules)

Price: $77.25

Metagenics EstroFactors is a clinically designed, practitioner-recommended supplement formulated to promote healthy estrogen metabolism, liver detoxification, and hormonal balance in women. Combining DIM (Diindolylmethane), green tea extract, curcumin, vitamins A, E, B6, B12, and folate, this product supports not only hormone equilibrium but also heart, liver, and skin health during perimenopause and menopause. It’s non-GMO, gluten-free, vegetarian, and third-party tested for purity — trusted by functional medicine doctors nationwide.

Key Benefits

• Supports healthy estrogen metabolism and detoxification pathways*
• Reduces hot flashes, mood swings, and hormonal headaches*
• Promotes liver function and antioxidant defense*
• Enhances energy, focus, and mood stability*
• Improves skin clarity and cardiovascular support*

Key Ingredients

• Diindolylmethane (DIM Complex) – 150 mg
  Derived from cruciferous vegetables, DIM aids in metabolizing excess estrogen and promoting hormonal balance.
• Green Tea Extract (Decaffeinated) – 100 mg
  Provides powerful antioxidants (EGCG) to support detox and cellular protection.
• Curcumin (from Turmeric) – 50 mg
  Anti-inflammatory compound that enhances hormonal and liver support.
• Vitamins A, E, B6, B12, and Folate
  Help regulate energy, methylation, and hormone synthesis for overall well-being.
• Hops Extract, L-Cysteine, and Mixed Carotenoids
  Further enhance antioxidant and liver-protective benefits.

Pros

• Clinically developed and doctor-recommended
• Broad-spectrum hormonal and liver detox support
• Includes BioResponse DIM®, the most bioavailable DIM form
• Gluten-free, non-GMO, and vegetarian certified
• Trusted professional-grade quality by healthcare practitioners

Cons

• High price point compared to standard DIM supplements
• Some users reported no noticeable effect on hot flashes
• Requires consistent use for optimal benefits

Customer Feedback

• Effectiveness: Many users praise EstroFactors as a life-changing supplement for hormone balance and perimenopause symptoms. Women report improved mood, reduced fatigue, and fewer hormonal migraines when taken consistently.
• Menopause Relief: Customers experiencing night sweats, mood swings, and cycle irregularity saw major relief within weeks. One user shared that her facial acne and heavy bleeding decreased significantly after two months.
• Estrogen Control: Several reviews mention dramatic improvement in estrogen dominance, with one user confirming her estrogen levels dropped from 1600 to 200 after consistent use.
• Energy & Focus: Users note higher energy, clearer mind, and improved focus, especially during hormonal transitions.
• Mixed Results: A few users did not find it helpful for hot flashes, though most experienced noticeable hormonal stability.

Best Suited For
Women in perimenopause or menopause, or those with estrogen dominance, PCOS, or methylation-related hormonal imbalance (MTHFR gene variants). Ideal for those seeking a clinical-grade, comprehensive estrogen detox and balance formula under medical guidance.

Usage Recommendations
Take 2 capsules daily with food, preferably under the supervision of a healthcare provider. For best results, pair with a nutrient-rich diet and adequate hydration to support detox pathways.

Summary:
Metagenics EstroFactors offers a doctor-formulated, research-backed approach to balancing estrogen metabolism, detox support, and hormone health. Though premium-priced, its clinically validated ingredients and strong customer results make it an excellent choice for women seeking professional-grade estrogen balance and menopause support.

Understanding Estrogen Supplements

Estrogen supplements are designed to support or mimic the effects of natural estrogen in the body. They don’t replace your hormones like prescription hormone therapy (HRT) does — instead, they work with your body to promote balance naturally.

Most formulas use phytoestrogens, which are compounds found in certain plants that behave similarly to estrogen. Others include vitamins, minerals, and herbal extracts that nourish the endocrine system and improve estrogen metabolism.

Common Forms of Estrogen Supplements

• Phytoestrogen blends: Derived from soy, red clover, or flaxseed, these mimic estrogen activity naturally.
• Herbal formulas: Contain botanicals like Black Cohosh, Dong Quai, Maca Root, and Chaste Tree Berry, known for hormone-balancing effects.
• DHEA supplements: Support estrogen and testosterone balance in postmenopausal women.
• Combination formulas: Mix herbs, vitamins (like B6 and E), and minerals (like magnesium and calcium) for overall hormonal and bone support.

Key Health Benefits of Estrogen Supplements

When used consistently, natural estrogen supplements can offer several science-backed benefits for women at different life stages.

1. Relief from Menopause Symptoms

Phytoestrogens help reduce hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings, making the transition through menopause smoother.

2. Better Mood and Energy

By supporting hormonal balance, these supplements can stabilize serotonin levels, improving mood, focus, and emotional well-being.

3. Improved Bone Density

Estrogen plays a key role in maintaining strong bones. Supplements that support estrogen activity can help reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women.

4. Healthier Skin and Hair

Estrogen supports collagen production and hydration. Balanced levels can result in smoother skin, stronger nails, and shinier hair.

5. Enhanced Libido and Vaginal Health

Herbs like Dong Quai and Maca Root promote circulation and hormonal vitality, helping improve libido and vaginal comfort.

In short, the best estrogen supplements can help women feel more like themselves again — balanced, energetic, and comfortable in their bodies.

Common Ingredients in Estrogen Supplements

Most high-quality supplements combine several active ingredients to enhance results naturally. Below are some of the most effective and well-studied components found in leading formulas:

Ingredient	Function & Benefits
Soy Isoflavones	Plant-based phytoestrogens that mimic estrogen to ease hot flashes and night sweats.
Black Cohosh Root	Supports hormonal balance and reduces menopause discomfort.
Dong Quai	Known as “female ginseng,” it supports menstrual and reproductive health.
Red Clover Extract	Rich in isoflavones; promotes cardiovascular and bone health.
Maca Root	Helps improve mood, libido, and energy while regulating hormones.
Pueraria Mirifica	Thai herb known for powerful estrogen-like effects on skin, hair, and bone density.
Chaste Tree Berry (Vitex)	Supports progesterone balance and reduces PMS symptoms.
DHEA	Hormone precursor that helps the body produce estrogen and testosterone naturally.

How to Choose the Best Estrogen Supplement

When selecting a supplement, focus on quality, safety, and formula design. Here are key points to consider:

1. Check for clinically backed ingredients: Look for standardized extracts (e.g., 40% isoflavones from red clover).
2. Avoid synthetic hormones: Choose natural, plant-based phytoestrogens instead.
3. Third-party testing: Ensure purity, potency, and safety with verified lab testing.
4. Choose based on your stage of life:
   • Perimenopause: Look for stress and PMS support (Maca, Vitex).
   • Menopause: Choose formulas targeting hot flashes and bone health (Soy Isoflavones, Black Cohosh).
   • Postmenopause: Consider DHEA or Red Clover for ongoing vitality.
5. Dietary preferences: Opt for vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free options if desired.

Your ideal estrogen supplement should align with your symptoms, lifestyle, and health goals.

Possible Side Effects and Safety Tips

While natural estrogen supplements are generally well tolerated, it’s still important to use them wisely:

• Mild side effects may include bloating, nausea, or headache.
• Avoid if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, or have a history of hormone-sensitive conditions (like breast cancer) unless advised by your doctor.
• Do not combine with prescription hormone therapy (HRT) without medical supervision.
• Always follow the dosage recommended on the label or by your healthcare provider.

When used properly, natural estrogen support is safe and beneficial — but balance is key.

FAQs

Final Verdict

Estrogen supplements offer a natural and effective way to support hormonal balance, reduce menopause discomfort, and promote overall vitality. Whether you’re dealing with hot flashes, mood swings, or just want to feel more like yourself again, these natural formulations can help bridge the gap.

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